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When to use the Zeigler-Nichols Tuning rules work well when the controller required is analog, system is linear, monotonic and a response that is dominated by a single-pole exponential “lag”. Actual plants are unlikely to have a perfect first-order...

Induction motors are widely used in industry. They have lots of advantages however they inherit a problem of high starting current. As compared to full load current, the starting current is 6 to 10 times higher. This high inrush of current can...

Introduction Power supplies are important part of electronic circuits. Many electronic circuits and components require negative voltage in addition to positive voltage. An example can be operational amplifiers. They require +15 and -15 for biasing....

Consider a simple charging circuit of a capacitor. It consists of a capacitor and resistor connected in series with a DC battery through a switch. When the switch is closed, the charges begin to accumulate on the plates of the capacitor. The charging...